Introduction

Interaction is an essential part of Half-Life. Sometimes though, you might feel limited by the very few mechanisms in Half-Life (shooting at things, using things, walking into triggers), and you might want something more unique, whether it's special controls for certain types of terminals, cranes, or even fully functional vehicles. Generally speaking, you want the player to have more direct control over some entity.

In the SDK, there are a few ways to check if the player has pressed/is pressing a certain button, but in the context of entity programming, we will only focus on the simplest way, which is also the most limited one. Namely, pev->button.

How it works

Every frame, in CBasePlayer::PreThink, this happens:

int buttonsChanged = (m_afButtonLast ^ pev->button);    // These buttons have changed this frame

// Debounced button codes for pressed/released
m_afButtonPressed =  buttonsChanged & pev->button;        // The changed ones still down are "pressed"
m_afButtonReleased = buttonsChanged & (~pev->button);    // The ones not down are "released"

You may think of:

• pev->button as the answer to "what buttons are held right now?",
• m_afButtonPressed as the answer to "what buttons have just become pressed?" and
• m_afButtonReleased as the answer to "what buttons have just become released?"

There are 16 inputs you can test against pev->button, which can be found in in_buttons.h:

#define IN_ATTACK    (1 << 0)
#define IN_JUMP      (1 << 1)
#define IN_DUCK      (1 << 2)
#define IN_FORWARD   (1 << 3)
#define IN_BACK      (1 << 4)
#define IN_USE       (1 << 5)
#define IN_CANCEL    (1 << 6)
#define IN_LEFT      (1 << 7)
#define IN_RIGHT     (1 << 8)
#define IN_MOVELEFT  (1 << 9)
#define IN_MOVERIGHT (1 << 10)
#define IN_ATTACK2   (1 << 11)
#define IN_RUN       (1 << 12)
#define IN_RELOAD    (1 << 13)
#define IN_ALT1      (1 << 14)
#define IN_SCORE     (1 << 15)   // Used by client.dll for when scoreboard is held down

It is not possible to directly add more, unless you "sacrifice" some of the existing ones. 16 bits is all you're going to get, and it's impossible to change this limitation, even in delta.lst. There exist workarounds, although that is out of scope for this guide.

So, with all that said, if you want to check if the player is holding a certain key in the given moment (let's say the reload key), you can do it like so:

if ( pPlayer->pev->button & IN_RELOAD )
{
    // Do stuff here
}

Example

Let's write a very simplistic vehicle that moves on a 2D plane via WASD.

Class

To start off, here is the CFuncSlidicle (slidicle as in, "sliding vehicle") class with a Spawn method:

#include "extdll.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "cbase.h"
#include "player.h"

class CFuncSlidicle : public CBaseEntity
{
public:
    void Spawn() override;

    int ObjectCaps() override { return CBaseEntity::ObjectCaps() | FCAP_IMPULSE_USE; }

    void Use( CBaseEntity* pActivator, CBaseEntity* pCaller, USE_TYPE useType, float value ) override;
    void Think() override;

private:
    CBasePlayer* driver = nullptr;
};

LINK_ENTITY_TO_CLASS( func_slidicle, CFuncSlidicle );

// This is assumed to be a brush entity, so we set it up like this in Spawn
void CFuncSlidicle::Spawn()
{
    pev->movetype = MOVETYPE_PUSHSTEP;
    pev->solid = SOLID_BSP;
    SET_MODEL( edict(), STRING( pev->model ) );
}

Think method

The way it works will be pretty simple. When it's used by the player, it'll "turn on" and be able to receive player inputs, which will affect its velocity.
We have a driver variable which will point to a player that is currently controlling the vehicle, and we'll sample the inputs there.

void CFuncSlidicle::Think()
{
    // If we got no driver, then we got nothing
    if ( !driver )
    {
        return;
    }

    // Movement logic here

    pev->nextthink = gpGlobals->time + 0.01f;
}

Let's expand on this comment about movement logic. First we'll sample the current button states:

const int& buttons = driver->pev->button;

Then, we'll have a vector to store some type of "wish velocity", i.e. where the player wants to go.

Vector addVelocity = vec3_origin;

It is (0,0,0) by default, so it can be added upon like so:

if ( buttons & IN_FORWARD )
    addVelocity.x += 16.0f; // alternative: define a constant for this speed instead of typing 16 every time
if ( buttons & IN_BACK )
    addVelocity.x -= 16.0f;
if ( buttons & IN_MOVELEFT )
    addVelocity.y += 16.0f;
if ( buttons & IN_MOVERIGHT )
    addVelocity.y -= 16.0f;

// And of course, you gotta finally add it to the entity's velocity:
pev->velocity = pev->velocity + addVelocity;

The final function will be the following:

void CFuncSlidicle::Think()
{
    // If we got no driver, then we got nothing
    if ( !driver )
    {
        return;
    }

    constexpr float VehicleAcceleration = 16.0f;

    const int& buttons = driver->pev->button;
    Vector addVelocity = vec3_origin;

    if ( buttons & IN_FORWARD )
        addVelocity.x += VehicleAcceleration;

    if ( buttons & IN_BACK )
        addVelocity.x -= VehicleAcceleration;

    if ( buttons & IN_MOVELEFT )
        addVelocity.y += VehicleAcceleration;

    if ( buttons & IN_MOVERIGHT )
        addVelocity.y -= VehicleAcceleration;

    pev->velocity = pev->velocity + addVelocity;
    pev->nextthink = gpGlobals->time + 0.01f;
}

Use method

Now let's tackle actually getting in and out of the car. Since this guide's focus is on player input, this part won't be explained in more detail than necessary:

void CFuncSlidicle::Use( CBaseEntity* pActivator, CBaseEntity* pCaller, USE_TYPE useType, float value )
{
    if ( !pActivator->IsPlayer() )
    {
        return;
    }

    // A potential driver wants to enter this vehicle
    if ( !driver )
    {
        driver = static_cast<CBasePlayer*>(pActivator);
        // Hack: lock the player in place
        driver->pev->maxspeed = 0.01f;

        // Think immediately
        pev->nextthink = gpGlobals->time + 0.01f;
        return;
    }

    // The current driver wants to eject
    if ( driver && pActivator == driver )
    {
        driver->pev->maxspeed = 0.0f;
        driver = nullptr;
    }
}

A couple of things to note here:

• Setting the player's pev->maxspeed to 0.01 practically freezes them. driver->EnableControl( FALSE ); could've been used, but pev->button would be 0 all the time. Setting pev->movetype to MOVETYPE_NONE for the player seems to do nothing.
• The entity only accepts players.
• The entity starts thinking only when a new driver uses it, and stops thinking when there is no driver. This doesn't mean, however, that the entity's physics will stop. It'll keep sliding a little bit, depending on the friction.

Conclusion

The intended way to test this entity would be to place the player somewhere near a button, and that button would trigger the vehicle. Due to the way we designed it, it simply can work this way. You should then see the vehicle sliding around as you press WASD.

There are some things you can modify, such as the movement logic. Instead of moving the vehicle along XY coordinates, you can calculate the current direction using UTIL_MakeVectors, rotate the vehicle with A and D instead of moving it left-right, and then add the forward vector to the velocity, or subtract if the player's going backwards.

Something like this:

if ( buttons & IN_MOVELEFT )
    pev->angles.y += 1.0f;
if ( buttons & IN_MOVERIGHT )
    pev->angles.y -= 1.0f;

UTIL_MakeVectors( pev->angles );

if ( buttons & IN_FORWARD )
    pev->velocity = pev->velocity + gpGlobals->v_forward * VehicleAcceleration;
if ( buttons & IN_BACK )
    pev->velocity = pev->velocity - gpGlobals->v_forward * VehicleAcceleration;

Finally, you might also want to set up a save-restore table, so that driver gets saved and loaded properly.

And that's essentially it. Enjoy your pseudo-func_vehicle. Here are some other ideas:

• cranes
• minigame arcades
• controlling an NPC
• rotating a camera whilst looking through it

You can find the source code here.